Split knowledge

Split Knowledge is a security method where two or more entities separately possess key components that, individually, do not convey any usable information about the resultant cryptographic key. This technique enhances security by ensuring that no single entity has complete knowledge or control over the cryptographic key. The cryptographic key is divided into multiple parts, or key components, which are then distributed among different entities. Each entity holds a distinct component that, by itself, is meaningless and cannot be used to reconstruct the key. By splitting the knowledge of the cryptographic key, split knowledge significantly reduces the risk of unauthorized access or compromise, as an attacker would need to obtain all key components from the different entities to reconstruct the key, making it much more difficult to breach the system. To use the cryptographic key, the entities must collaborate and combine their key components through a secure protocol that ensures the components are correctly combined to form the original key without exposing the individual components. Split knowledge is commonly used in environments where high security is essential, such as financial systems, military communications, and cryptographic key management, and is often implemented in conjunction with multi-factor authentication and other security measures. It helps organizations comply with regulatory requirements for data protection and security, such as PCI-DSS and GDPR, by ensuring that no single individual or system has complete control over sensitive cryptographic keys. Implementing split knowledge requires careful planning and coordination, secure and reliable means of storing and managing key components, and proper training and procedures to ensure the system operates smoothly and securely. By distributing the knowledge of the cryptographic key across multiple entities, split knowledge provides a robust mechanism to protect sensitive information and maintain the integrity and confidentiality of secure communications and transactions.